Federal Court Finds Religious Discrimination in Old Westbury Zoning Code

The United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (EDNY), in Lubavitch of Old Westbury, Inc. and Rabbi Aaron Konikov v. Incorporated Village of Old Westbury, New York delivered a strong reminder to municipalities: zoning codes cannot discriminate against religious institutions. 

The long running dispute centered on the "adoption of a land use statute aimed at places of worship". In striking down the law, EDNY emphasized that "[o]fficial action 'burdening religious conduct that is not both neutral and generally applicable, however, is subject to strict scrutiny,'" which is violated where "they treat any comparable secular activity more favorably than religious exercise." Here, the Court found exactly that - a violation. 

Seventeen years of litigation later, the question remains: why wasn’t the Chabad simply allowed to build its house of worship? From a reading of this case, it’s hard to see why the Village of Old Westbury has fought so long rather than just letting them build it.

If your religious organization is facing discriminatory land use restrictions, attorneys at Lieb at Law, P.C. can help evaluate your case. 

*attorney advertising. 

NYC School Bias Case Dismissed — The Court Demands Specific Proof of Causation

NYS' highest Court, the Court of Appeals, ruled in IntegrateNYC, Inc. v. State of New York that claims that NYC Public Schools discriminate by their "admissions and screening policies, curriculum content, and lack of diversity among the teacher workforce... fail as a matter of law." However, the real takeaway was that even, under a "liberal standard applied on a motion to dismiss" where facts are presumed true, a Plaintiff cannot make conclusions of causation without allegations of fact in a discrimination lawsuit. Simply, Plaintiffs need to get granular to win and if defending, a defendant would be well served to point out that it's all conclusory when dismissal is sought. 

This case was brought under the Education Article and the Equal Protection of Law of the NYS Constitution and the NYS Human Rights Law [Executive Law 296(4)]. For each claim, the Court reminds us of the requirements as follows:

• "A claim brought under the Education Article... [requires] 'first, that the State fails to provide [plaintiffs] a sound basic education in that it provides deficient inputs—teaching, facilities and instrumentalities of learning—which lead to deficient outputs such as test results and graduation rates'...[s]econd, plaintiffs must sufficiently allege causation—that the deficient outputs are “causally connected” to the claimed input deficiencies... [where] the deficiencies complained of must represent a 'district-wide failure'... [and it] requires allegations of a “gross and glaring inadequacy” in the quality of education being provided."
• "To state an Equal Protection claim based on disproportionate impact of a facially neutral action or policy, a plaintiff must show '[p]roof of racially discriminatory intent or purpose'."
• Under the NYSHRL, it is "an unlawful discriminatory practice for an educational institution to deny the use of its facilities to any person otherwise qualified, or to permit the harassment of any student or applicant, by reason of his race . . ."

In making its decision, the Court pointed out that it is undecided whether "disparate educational outcomes alone could in some circumstances sustain such a claim." But, more importantly, the Court made a stark observation that should be noted by all Plaintiffs and Defendants in discrimination cases - a complaint fails where it does not include specifics. A complaint will be dismissed where it relies on "plaintiffs' conclusory allegations, such as here, where Plaintiff just plead 'but for the discriminatory admissions testing,' Black and Latino students 'would not have been excluded'." The Court needed more and without it, the case was dismissed. 

Think you have a discrimination case? Use our Discrimination Case Checker to see if your claim meets the legal standards set by New York’s highest court.

*Attorney Advertising

The AI Audit That Wasn’t: How Grok Became a Legal Liability

Elon Musk’s AI company Grok, was caught surfacing antisemitic and racist responses on X (formerly Twitter).

When AI systems are deployed without content filters, human review, or ethical auditing, they can do more than make mistakes in their output. They can create liability under anti-discrimination laws.

Why AI Needs Oversight

Generative AI tools trained on the open web can replicate bias and hate unless carefully monitored. That is why Andrew Lieb, Managing Attorney at Lieb at Law, published the 10-Step Bias Elimination Audit in the New York Law Journal. It provides a compliance roadmap for companies deploying AI tools.

• Audit datasets for bias and disparate impact
• Implement real-time monitoring of outputs
• Involve multidisciplinary teams in reviews
• Document all mitigation efforts for accountability

AI and Legal Risk

AI discrimination is not theoretical. It is actionable under federal and state laws, including Title VII, the ADA, the Fair Housing Act, and New York Executive Law. There are even local laws such as the New York City Human Rights Law that create claims. If an algorithm makes a discriminatory decision, the company using it can be sued for discrimination where they can owe back pay, front pay, emotional distress damages, punitive damages, and attorneys' fees / expert fees while also being ordered to change their practices, train on anti-discrimination, and more.

At Lieb at Law, we provide both defense and prevention. Our team litigates AI-related claims and performs compliance audits to help businesses avoid them.

Explore Our AI Compliance and Litigation Services

Lieb at Law helps companies navigate the legal risks of artificial intelligence and machine learning. We defend discrimination claims, perform algorithmic audits, and deliver CLE training on AI legal exposure.

Learn More

Attorney Advertising: This blog post is for informational purposes only and does not constitute legal advice. Prior results do not guarantee a similar outcome.

Shedding Light on Pay Disparities: What You Need to Know from EEOC's Latest Data

Today, we bring to your attention the recent release of pivotal data by the U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC). This data, encompassing information from 2017 and 2018, provides an insightful glimpse into the state of pay disparities in American workplaces., which is illegal based on the Equal Pay Act. To learn more about the Equal Pay Act, take a CLE from Attorney Andrew Lieb here.

Key EEOC Findings:

The EEOC's data dashboard reveals a troubling reality: pay disparities based on sex and race persist across nearly every industry and state. Here are some crucial highlights:

• Gender Disparities: The data unequivocally shows that men continue to outearn women, with the median pay band for men consistently higher than that for women. In 2018, this gap was particularly pronounced, with men's median pay band being one or even two bands higher than women's.
• Racial Disparities: The disparities deepen when considering race and ethnicity. Black or African American women and American Indian or Alaska Native women find themselves in the lowest median pay bands, reflecting a distressing pattern of inequality.
• Industry and Job Category Trends: Across various industries and job categories, men consistently occupy higher median pay bands compared to women. While some sectors exhibit equal median pay bands, such as Accommodation and Food Services, these instances remain exceptions rather than the norm.
• Geographical Disparities: Disparities are not confined to specific industries or job categories but are pervasive across different states. For instance, in 2018, Wyoming, Louisiana, and West Virginia exhibited significant differences in median pay bands between men and women.

Implications for Legal Action:

The release of this data underscores the urgency of addressing pay discrimination in the workplace. Here's what you need to know:

• Equal Pay Act and Title VII: The EEOC enforces both the Equal Pay Act of 1963 and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which prohibit pay discrimination based on sex, race, color, national origin, and religion. If you believe that you have experienced pay discrimination, you may have legal grounds to pursue a case and if you live in a State, like New York, you can go back up to 3 years on the state's anti-discrimination law to bring your case.
• Data as Evidence: The aggregated data provided by the EEOC can serve as compelling evidence in legal proceedings. If you find that your pay is unfairly lower compared to colleagues of a different
  gender or race in similar roles, this data can bolster your case.
• Consultation: If you suspect pay discrimination in your workplace or have questions about your rights, we encourage you to seek legal consultation. Lieb at Law, P.C. is here to provide guidance and support as you navigate the complexities of employment law.

*attorney advertising

New Rule Targets Salary History to Close Gender and Racial Pay Gaps

The Office of Personnel Management (OPM) has taken a significant step towards addressing gender and racial pay disparities within the Federal workforce with its latest regulation. Effective April 1, 2024, this rule prohibits the use of salary history in setting pay for new civilian employees, a practice that has historically contributed to ongoing pay inequities.

The private sector should take notice because the use of pay history is going to be a driving force in future claims under the Equal Pay Act based upon extrapolations from this regulation. 

Salary history has often been a determining factor in pay decisions, but this approach fails to account for the diverse experiences and qualifications individuals bring to their roles. More critically, it has perpetuated biases, inadvertently anchoring new salaries to previous ones that may have been influenced by discrimination. This cycle has been particularly detrimental to women and people of color, who statistically earn less than their white male counterparts. The gap is even more pronounced for women of color, underscoring the urgency of implementing measures that promote fair compensation.

By mandating that Federal agencies set pay based on merit, qualifications, and the requirements of the position rather than past compensation, the OPM aims to dismantle one of the barriers to achieving pay equity. This rule is a bold move towards creating a more equitable and inclusive Federal workforce, where pay disparities no longer shadow one's career.

For an in-depth understanding of the OPM's final rule and its impact on pay equity, visit the Federal Register: Advancing Pay Equity in Governmentwide Pay Systems.